International Gold Nanoparticles: Citrate-Mediated Synthesis and Applications
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have gained considerable attention due to their unique physicochemical properties and wide-ranging applications in various fields. Citrate-mediated synthesis is a versatile method for producing gold nanoparticles with controlled size, shape, and surface functionality. This article provides an overview of international research on citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles, discussing their synthesis, characterization, and applications in biomedical, catalytic, and electronic domains.
Introduction
Gold nanoparticles, characterized by their nano-sized dimensions and unique surface properties, exhibit remarkable optical, electronic, and catalytic behavior. Among the various synthesis methods, citrate reduction is a widely employed approach, utilizing sodium citrate as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. This method enables the formation of well-defined gold nanoparticles with controlled size and stability.
Synthesis of Citrate-Gold Nanoparticles
Citrate-mediated gold nanoparticle synthesis involves reducing gold ions (e.g., HAuCl4) using sodium citrate under specific temperature and pH conditions. The citrate ions act as reducing agents, while also providing electrostatic stabilization to prevent particle aggregation. The reaction parameters, including temperature, citrate concentration, and stirring rate, can be optimized to control the size and shape of the nanoparticles.
Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles
The synthesized gold nanoparticles are typically characterized using techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV-Vis spectroscopy provides information about the optical properties of the nanoparticles, while DLS measures their size distribution. TEM allows visualization of the particle morphology and size.
Applications of Citrate-Gold Nanoparticles
Biomedicine:
* Drug delivery and targeting
* Biosensing and diagnostics
* Photothermal therapy
Catalysis:
* Heterogeneous catalysts for various reactions
* Gas sensors and environmental remediation
Electronics:
* Conductive materials for electronic devices
* Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)
Conclusion
Citrate-mediated gold nanoparticles have emerged as a promising material for various applications due to their tunable properties, biocompatibility, and ease of synthesis. International research efforts have focused on optimizing the synthesis process and exploring novel applications, showcasing the immense potential of these nanoparticles in diverse fields. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in citrate-gold nanoparticle synthesis and their wide-ranging applications.
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